FunTechLife: Android Rooting

FunTechLife: Android Rooting: How and Why to root your android smartphone?

Android rooting is the process of allowing users of smartphones, tablets, and other devices running the Android mobile operating system...

Android Rooting

Android rooting is the process of allowing users of smartphones, tablets, and other devices running the Android mobile operating system to attain privileged control (known as "root access") within Android's subsystem. Rooting is often performed with the goal of overcoming limitations that carriers and hardware manufacturers put on some devices, resulting in the ability to alter or replace system applications and settings, run specialized apps that require administrator-level permissions, or perform other operations that are otherwise inaccessible to a normal Android user. Rooting is similar to jailbreaking devices running the Apple iOS operating system. On Android, rooting can also facilitate the complete removal and replacement of the device's operating system, usually with a more recent release of its current operating system.

Rooting enables all the user-installed applications to run privileged commands that are typically unavailable to the devices in their stock configuration. Rooting is required for more advanced and potentially dangerous operations including modifying or deleting system files, removing carrier- or manufacturer-installed applications, and low-level access to the hardware itself (rebooting, controlling status lights, or recalibrating touch inputs.) A typical rooting installation also installs the Superuser application, which supervises applications that are granted root or superuser rights.
A secondary operation, unlocking the device's bootloader verification, is required to remove or replace the installed Operating System.
In contrast to iOS jailbreaking, rooting is not needed to run applications distributed outside of the Google Play Store, sometimes referred to as "sideloading". The Android OS supports this feature natively in two ways: through the "Unknown sources" option in the Settings menu and through the Android Debug Bridge

Process:
The process of rooting varies widely by device, but usually includes exploiting a security weakness in the firmware of the device, and then copying the su binary to a location in the current process's PATH (e.g. /system/xbin/su) and granting it executable permissions with the chmod command. A supervisor application like SuperUser or SuperSU can regulate and log elevated permission requests from other applications. Many guides, tutorials, and automatic processes exist for popular Android devices facilitating a fast and easy rooting process
.
Why would you want to root your phone?

Rooting an Android smartphone comes with a number of major benefits. Most hardware manufacturers place major restrictions on their Android operating systems. For example, companies like Samsung

Top 10 Root Apps For Android

Rooting Android comes with hundreds of benefits. However, one of the most popular benefits is being able to access hundreds of new apps.

On a normal Android device, apps have to go through a rigorous certification process before they get listed on Google Play and other Android marketplaces. Certain apps are removed because they compete with apps already offered by the hardware manufacturer, while others are removed because the hardware manufacturer simply doesn’t like them.

To help you get the most out of your rooted Android device, here are the top 10 root apps currently available to users of rooted Android devices:

10) ShootMe – Screenshot app

Android has a lot of advantages over its main competitor, Apple’s iOS. However, unlike iOS, Android doesn’t give users the ability to take screenshots of their phones. Thanks to the ShootMe app available on rooted phones, that problem is a thing of the past. This app allows you to set up a trigger for when the phone should take a screenshot. For example, if you want to take a screenshot every time you shake your phone, you can easily set that up.

9) Titanium Backup – Automatic backup and recovery app

No electronic device is immune to failures. If you’re like most people, you keep some valuable information on your Android device. From phone numbers to pictures and everything in between, losing access to that data could be devastating. That’s why you need Titanium Backup, an app which allows rooted Android users to set automatic backup options. All apps and other data is saved, so if you screw up your phone while trying to install a custom ROM, you can easily restore it with the click of a button.

8) Metamorph – Customize every single aspect of your phone

After rooting an Android phone, one of the first things that many users do is customize their device. Thanks to the Metamorph app, phone customization is as easy as possible. Simply download the app, then browse through a selection of custom themes. If you want, you can even make your own theme. Using Metamorph, you can personalize your lock screen, menus, app screens, and all other aspects of your Android phone.

7) Adfree – Instant advertisement blocking

Sick of seeing advertisements on your phone? Aren’t we all! With the Adfree app, you’ll never have to see another advertisement again. The Adfree app works in a unique way: instead of actively scanning each app and webpage for advertisements (which slows down Android performance), Adfree simply blocks the IP addresses of common advertising agencies. This means that advertisements will refuse to pop up while using apps, browsing the internet, or performing any other types of tasks on your phone.

6) Busybox – Use Linux commands

Busybox might not appeal to the average Android user, but it will certainly appeal to tech geeks and Linux users. Busybox is an app that adds Linux commands to your Android device. To make the app as easy as possible to use, Busybox even lists the commands, making it easy to perform a wide variety of functions that are normally unavailable to users of non-rooted Android devices.

5) Wireless Tether – Wireless hotspot app

Share your Android phone’s data connection with any other wireless device using the Wireless Tether app. This is an ideal way to use your phone data on your laptop while you’re in an area with no internet connection, although tethering can be used for a wide variety of purposes. With the Wireless Tether app, tethering can be performed on any carrier and any Android phone. Since some companies like AT&T charge an additional $20 per month for tethering, this makes the Wireless Tether app an extremely valuable tool.

4) Tasker – Automatic task app

Tasker is a smart app that will automate all sorts of tasks on your phone. For example, you can set a task to run every day at 5pm, or perform plenty of other useful functions. Although Tasker is available from the Google Play store, it won’t have root access on non-rooted Android phones. When you give Tasker root access, expect to see some phenomenal results.

3) SSH Tunnel – Safeguard your internet usage

Instead of letting anyone see what you’re doing on the internet, the SSH Tunnel encrypts your internet connection using an SSH tunnel. When you access a public Wi-Fi network without an app like SSH Tunnel installed, anybody with basic technical skills can see what you’re doing over the internet, which is most definitely a bad thing.

2) SetCPU – Overclock and monitor your processor

The processor is at the heart of your Android phone’s operations. On a normal Android device, the user’s actions won’t affect how the CPU functions. However, thanks to the SetCPU app, that is no longer a problem. SetCPU allows users to customize the CPU to run at different frequencies according to what the user is currently doing. For example, you can instantly reduce the CPU’s clock speed when the screen is turned off, which saves an enormous amount of battery life. Ultimately, SetCPU allows you to save battery power, speed up your Android device, and monitor its temperature.

1) Superuser – The first app to install on a rooted Android device

A rooted Android device won’t be as useful if apps don’t have root access. To fix this problem, make sure you install Superuser soon after rooting your device. This will automatically force apps to ask permission to establish root privileges. Once the app has root privileges, it can perform a wider variety of useful tasks than ever before.

There are so many more apps available to rooted Android users than just the ones listed above! To fully experience the wide range of apps that are available, try out One Click Root for yourself today and start using your rooted Android phone in just minutes!

iOS 6

iOS 6 gives you more features to make the things you do every day even better. It’s free and easy to upgrade wirelessly on your iPhone, iPad or iPod touch.

Maps
Beautifully designed from the ground up (and the sky down), Maps changes the way you see the world. Map elements are vector based, so graphics and text are incredibly detailed — even when you zoom all the way in — and panning is smooth. Tilt and rotate to view an area, and Maps keeps the names of streets and places where they belong. Even soar over cities to see the sights from the air in amazing, high-resolution quality.

20 lesser known ios6 features:


1. Siri is Smarter
Apple sent Siri back to school and now she’s a bit smarter making the app more user friendly. You can speak to Siri using more colloquial language and she does her best to understand. She’s also a more productive assistant able to Tweet and post on Facebook for you.

2. Cellular FaceTime
Wireless carriers are still catching up with this update, but iOS 6 allows users to use FaceTime over cellular networks. Again, not all networks allow this option for free. But I think in the future, now that the cellular FaceTime option is here, more wireless providers will hop on board and allow users the ability to use the feature.

3. Easier App Downloading
You might’ve noticed that you’re not required to enter a password quite as often when downloading new apps. That’s because downloading free apps doesn’t call for a password at all. Also, if you are re-downloading previously installed apps you don’t need to re-enter a password.

4. iPads New Sleek Clock
The iPad as a new clock app. It actually looks very nice. There’s been some disgruntled geeks claiming it was stolen from a Swiss railway company or something, and that is probably true, but it still looks great and functions smoothly. The Swiss can take that up in Santa Clara County Superior Court.

5. “New” Apps
Newly installed apps on your device are now labeled with a blue ribbon in the corner of the icon which says “new”. Users installing lots of new apps may find this little bonus feature useful.

6. Open Apps from Store
When you’re hopping around the App Store downloading and installing new stuff you can access them much easier. If you hang around for your download to complete there is an button to jump straight to the app. It’s nice not to have the App Store close every time you install something new.

7. iMessage Restrictions
After some digging around I found that you can restrict who sends you an iMessage. If you don’t want people you don’t know contacting you through iMessage, then restrict it so only your contacts can use it.

8. Top Bar Color
The thin status bar at the top changes colors depending on what app you are running. The subtle feature has received some criticism. I guess it messes up the feng shui or energy of the page. Maybe the colors clash and some people don’t like that? For me, I don’t notice it.

9. Group Messaging Turn Off
I’m cheating here because this is an iOS 5 feature. I’m pretty slow when it comes to this stuff. You can turn off inclusion in group messages. Go to Settings > Messages and turn group messaging off.

10. New Wallpapers

Ubislate

(Note: for reading the contents plz click on the photo. Inconvenience regretted.)

The UbiSurfer browser accelerates web pages by factors of 10x to 30x, allowing for a web experience who’s speed is unrivalled. Internet access is available everywhere on a GPRS network at Rs.98/mo. for 2GB.

The device includes WiFi & GPRS connectivity allowing anytime & anywhere internet access and phone functionality. Optional 3G modems are also supported via USB. In addition to a micro-SD card slot, a full-sized USB port is integrated into the unit allowing pen-drives, external keyboards, web-cams, dongles and other inexpensive peripherals to be attached.

Features

• Anytime & Anywhere Internet access with Cellular connectivity for only Rs. 98/- per month (in India only)
• Connect via GPRS or WiFi
• GPRS: Embedded modem eliminates the need for external dongles and allows Internet access everywhere
• WiFi: Allows fast Youtube videos at hotspots
• Fast web access even on GPRS networks, across the country using DataWind’s patented acceleration technology
• Web, Email, Facebook and much much more!
• High Quallity Video Streaming & HD Quality Video Playback
• Games, Full Office suite, Educational software, Over 150,000 apps!
• Expandable memory to 32GB
• Use any ordinary pen-drive
• Even plug-in a 3G dongle
• And it’s a Phone to make/receive voice calls

Ports:

Ubislate 7+

Full-sized USB

Ubislate 7Ri, Ubislate 7R+, Ubislate 7C+&Ubislate 7Ci

Micro SD & Mini-USB

Power and Battery Life:

Ubislate 7+, Ubislate 7R+ & Ubislate 7C+

3 Hours

Ubislate 7Ri & Ubislate 7Ci

Up to 180 minutes on

battery. AC adapter 200-240 volt range

Audio        

Audio out: 3.5mm jack /Audio in: 3.5mm jack

for full specifications 
click here


Ubislate 7Ri
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Ubislate 7C+
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Ubislate 7Ci
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Ubislate 7R+
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Samsung galaxy camera

Shoot
Now everyone can shoot like a professional

Photo WizardEdit professionally with ease

The GALAXY Camera packs an amazing set of  65 powerful editing features on board, giving you the opportunity to edit professionally with ease and while on-the-go. The new features take advantage of the latest technology, the ultrafast quad core processor, and that beautiful 121.2mm (4.77") HD Super Clear Touch Display, giving you access to features like Auto Face Calibration so you can edit in precise detail and with ease.

121.2mm (4.77") HD Super Clear

Touch Display

Enjoy your photos on a big screen right away


GENERAL
2G Network: N/A
3G Network:  HSDPA 850 / 900 / 1900 / 2100
4G Network: LTE
SIM:                  Yes

Announced:  2012, August
Status:         Available. Released 2012, November

BODY
Dimensions 128.7 x 70.8 x 19.1 mm (5.07 x 2.79 x 0.75 in)
Weight         300 g (10.58 oz)
DISPLAY
Type :  Super Clear LCD capacitive touchscreen, 16M colors
Size    720 x 1280 pixels, 4.8 inches (~306 ppi pixel density)
Multitouch Yes
Protection Corning Gorilla Glass 2
  - TouchWiz UI
SOUND
Alert types: N/A
Loudspeaker: Yes
3.5mm jack: Yes
MEMORY: Card slot microSD, up to 64 GB
Internal:         8 GB storage, 1 GB RAM
DATA
GPRS; No
EDGE: No
Speed: HSDPA, 21 Mbps; HSUPA, 5.76 Mbps; LTE (optional)

Useful tips for building a positive attitude

• ·         Take one step at a time. If you want to exercise, be more calm, and eat healthy, all at the same time, you may find yourself quickly overwhelmed, see no progress in any of those areas and become discouraged.

          It is better to choose just one thing that you want to build a positive attitude on at a time, and work on it.

          You may want to make it one of your positive habits. Keep track of your improvements so that you can compare where you stand today and where you stood a month ago or a year ago.

          When you are comfortable with the area of your life in which you to choose to make a difference, move on, and start building a positive attitude on another area.

·         Watch your words. When you find yourself saying or thinking “I don’t like that”, “I hate this.” change those words for positive statements.

9 tips for building a positive thinking

Being the boss of your very own online business has its advantages and disadvantages. On one hand, you do not have anyone telling you what to do. On the other hand, you do not have anyone to give you that extra push or motivational support when you are feeling down and any emotional support.

For example, at a typical 9 to 5 job, you can vent to other employees about your boss, about how unfairly you be treated, or how a client or customer is being completely irrational.

However, when you are working at home and in business for yourself, you are the boss-you do not have to face-to-face interactions and employees or contractors. As a result, you do not have anyone to vent to or to give you that motivational pep talk that you sometimes need.

So, what happens? Well, you probably let negative feelings build up, or sometime even worse, you probably vent to yourself with negative self-talk, which will slow down your productivity and makes you feel plain lousy.

If you are feeling lousy, then how can you ensure that your business will prosper and grow? How can you enhance business and personal relationships? Briefly, you cannot.

To leave those “negativity thinking and lousy feeling” into the trash and be motivated, you should have positive mental attitude, here are some tips to help you build up your positive thinking.

1.      Be Committed-Make a positive commitment to yourself that you will do your very best and be all that you can be. Feel proud of yourself on what you are doing and never, ever, ever giving up.

2.      Accept challenges-Being your own boss and owner of your own online business can be scary and a bit intimidating at times. Do not afraid of fail, learn from your mistakes and you constantly grow.

3.      Be In Control-Keep your mind focused on important things. Set goals and priorities for what you want to do and accomplish. Control your own destiny.

4. Do Not Criticize Yourself-There is no use criticizing yourself once you have made a

Positive thinking

Positive thinking makes a big difference in our lives. The only thing is you never should force yourself to think positive. Instead adapt to this style of thinking by practicing until it becomes a habit. Forcing yourself leads to extra stress that none of us need!

10 benefits of positive thinking:

Beat stress

The first benefit of positive thinking is that it helps you overcome stress since you’ll be handling situations in a positive manner. You’ll be able let go things that you usually get frustrated or worried about. Positive thinking helps you realize and understand that feeling those negative emotions leads to nowhere.

Remember, positive thinkers see the solutions, not just the problems. When you get over things and focus on the solution, you’re less likely to stress about it.

More energy

When you have less stress and worries in your life, you have extra energy to do things you love. Sometimes our mind is the reason for our fatigue. Stressing and not able to see the brighter side of life drains our energy. We feel tired, moody, and less interested in the things we love so much. Get energized by simply changing the way you think!            

Deeper Relationships

The truth is people love positive people. It’s much easier to connect with positive people.

Incorporating positive thinking in your life not only helps build deeper relationships with people, but positive

Atif Aslam top 20 songs

Atif Aslam top 20 songs with their proper download links!!

(just click on the download here button or right click on the download here button and select save link as, Enjoy...!!!!!!!)

New release

Song	Movie/album	Download
dil na jaane kyun	jayantabhai ki luv story (2013)	Download here
be intehaan	Race2	Download here
hai na	jayantabhai ki luv story (2013)	Download here
aa bhi ja mere mehermaan	jayantabhai ki luv story(2013)	Download here
TOP 20 Songs
Meri kahani	Meri kahani	Download here
Doorie	Doorie	Download here
Hona tha pyar hua mere yaar	Bol	Download here
Aadat	Kalyug	Download here
Woh lamhe	Zeher	Download here
Tu jaane na	Ajab prem ki gajab kahani	Download here
Le ja tu mujhe	Faltu	Download here
Kaun hoon mein	Prince	Download here
Hum kis galli ja rahe hai	Doorie	Download here
O re piya	Doorie	Download here
Kuch is tarah	Doorie	Download here
Tere bin	Bas ek pal	Download here
Tera hone laga hoon	Ajab prem ki gajab kahani	Download here
Gulabi aakhen	(no album info)	Download here
Teri yadein	(no album info)	Download here
Ehsaas	Doorie	Download here
Mahiya ve soniya	Doorie	Download here
Aa bhi ja sanam	Prince	Download here
Pehli nazar mein	Race	Download here
Yakeen	Doorie	Download here
Some more miscellaneous songs
Jalpari	Jalpari	Download here
Kinara	Jalpari	Download here
Kaho aaj bol do	Bol	Download here
Bhul na jana	Don 2	Download here
Bakhuda tum hi ho	Kismat connection	Download here
Tu mohhabat hai tu	Tere naal love ho gaya	Download here
Mahi ve	Doorie	Download here
Chupke se aye	Meri kahani	Download here
Joug	Meri kahani	Download here

World's top 10 websites

10. Number ten on the top 10 list is QQ, also known as Tencent QQ. This site is based in Mainland China and provides IM service, as well as mail and a search engine. You can also do shopping and there is a dating site as well. Currently, they count their total users at over six hundred million. QQ is a social networking and microblogging service utilising instant messaging, SMS or a web interface.

9. Number nine on the top 10 list is Twitter. This social networking and micro-blogging website has literally helped to change the world we live in today. Thousands of protesters participating in the recent uprisings in Egypt and Libya gathered together in part by using Twitter. We have only scratched the surface of this powerful communication tool and the best is yet to come.

8. Number eight on the top 10 list is live.com  This is a website operated by Microsoft, providing their services and products. Their popular Hotmail service, as well as instant messaging can be found on this site.

7. Number seven on the top 10 list is Wikipedia. This is a free encyclopedia built collaboratively using wiki software. (Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License), it is offered in many different languages. Started in 2001, the site can be rewritten and edited by the users. A user can add content to any entry he wants, or start a new entry.

6. Number six on the top 10 list is baidu.com The leading Chinese language search engine, provides “simple and reliable” search experience, strong in Chinese language and multi-media content including MP3 music and movies, the first to offer WAP and PDA-based mobile search in China. Apart from being the most popular Chinese language search engine, the site also provides over 50 other services,

5. Number five on the top 10 list is blogger.com. This is a free blogging website that allows you to write about anything and share your content with others for free. You can also add video and photos to the blogs that you post. It was started in 1999, it is owned by Google.

4. Number four on the top ten list is Yahoo. It stands for Yet another Hierarchical Officious Oracle. This site provides just about every service you can think of and shows no sign of slowing down, a major internet portal and service provider offering search results, customizable content, chatrooms, free e-mail, clubs, and pager.

3. Number three on the top ten list is YouTube. This is the most popular site specifically designed for sharing videos. It was purchased by Google for over $1 billion. YouTube is a way to get your videos to the people who matter to you. Upload, tag and share your videos worldwide!

2. Number two on the top ten list is Facebook. The wildly popular social networking site was started by Mark Zuckerberg in his college dorm room at Harvard in 2004. Since then, it has grown to serve over six hundred million users worldwide. The service allows you to send messages, as well as share pictures and videos. Just like Twitter, Facebook has helped to assemble and organize people involved in protests and demonstrations all over the world. There is no limit to the popularity of this site.

1. Number one on the top ten list is Google. This site provides many features, the most famous being its search engine. They also offer Gmail, their popular email service. Google also owns YouTube and Blogger, so they control three of the most popular sites in the world. It enables users to search the world’s information, including webpages, images, and videos. Offers unique features and search technology.

iphone5 full phone specifications and detailed features

GENERAL    

• 2G Network             GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 - GSM A1428                                                                                                                                             CDMA 800 / 1900 / 2100 - CDMA A1429
• 3G Network             HSDPA 850 / 900 / 1900 / 2100 - GSM A1428                                                            CDMA2000 1xEV-DO - CDMA A1429
• 4G Network              LTE 700 MHz Class 17 / 1700 / 2100 - GSM A1428 or LTE 850 / 1800 / 2100 - GSM A1429                                                                                                                                              LTE 700 / 850 / 1800 / 1900 / 2100 - CDMA A1429
• SIM                         Nano-SIM
• Announced              2012, September
• Status Available.     Released 2012, September

BODY              

• Dimensions          123.8 x 58.6 x 7.6 mm (4.87 x 2.31 x 0.30 in)
• Weight                112 g (3.95 oz)

DISPLAY 

• Type                LED-backlit IPS TFT, capacitive touchscreen, 16M colors
• Size                  640 x 1136 pixels, 4.0 inches (~326 ppi pixel density)
• Multitouch      Yes
• Protection        Corning Gorilla Glass, oleophobic coating 

Cool Tricks You Can Perform On Your Android !!

Android is the world’s most popular mobile operating system. But in spite of that fact, many Android users are unaware just how powerful their devices can be. Unlike Apple’s restrictive iOS, Android allows users to have far more freedom over how they use their devices.

To help you use your Android to its full potential, here are some of the coolest tricks that can be performed on the device:

9) Take a screenshot

If you don’t know how to take a screenshot on your Android, it doesn’t take long to learn. On the Galaxy S3, simply press the home button at the power button at the same time. On the Galaxy Nexus, press the power button and the lower volume button at the same time. And on HTC devices, simply press the home button and the power button at the same time. Screenshots are automatically saved into your photo gallery.

8) Add a contact to your home screen

If you call somebody frequently, then you might be sick of navigating to your contacts list every time you need to make that call. Fortunately, Android has a way around that. Simply tap and hold your finger on an empty spot on your home screen, then wait for the settings menu to pop up. From that settings menu, choose Shortcuts, then Contact. Choose the contact you want to add and now you can call them with a single click on your home screen.

7) Take a picture and record video at the same time

If you like taking video on your Android, then you might have wondered how to take a picture at the same time. Yes, you can do that on Android. All you have to do is tap the screen while taking a video. This works on most phones.

Face recognition with neural network

The identification of individuals using face recognition represents a challengingtask with many applications in everyday life as well as in high security applications.

Since the human face will vary in appearance in the short time as well as in the long time
range, the inherent "slack in operation" of neural networks together with the redundancy
and possibility to generalize are suggestive for implementing such a recognition system.
The problem has important applications to automated security systems, lip
readers, indexing and retrieval of video images, videoconferencing with improved visual
sensation, and artificial intelligence. There are two basic face detection techniques:
content-based methods and color-based methods.
Content-based methods try to identify features in a human face. Most content based
methods were developed for gray scale images to avoid the complexity of
combining the features detected in the RGB color space. Unfortunately, content-based
techniques are very complex and expensive computationally. Also, if the face is rotated
or partially obscured, the technique has to incorporate other techniques to solve the image
registration and occlusion problems. In addition, it is often difficult to adapt the methods
to color images.
Face detection using artificial neural networks was done by Rowley. It is robust
but computationally expensive as the whole image has to be scanned at different scales
and orientations. Feature-based (eyes, nose, and mouth) face detection is done by Yow et
al. Statistical model of mutual distance between facial features are used to locate face in
the image. Markov Random Fields have been used to model the spatial distribution of the
grey level intensities of face images. Some of the eye location technique use infrared
lighting to detect eye pupil. Eye location using genetic algorithm has been proposed by
Wechsler . Skin color is used extensively to segment the image, and localize the search
for face. The detection of face using skin color fails when the source of lighting is not
natural. In this paper, motion information is used to reduce the search space for face
detection. It is known that eye regions are usually darker than other facial parts, therefore
probable eye pair regions are extracted by thresholding the image. The eyes pair region
gives the scale and orientation of face, and reduces the search space for face detection
across different scales and orientations. Correlation between averaged face template and
the test pattern is used to verify whether it is a face or not. Recognition of human face is
also challenging in human computer Interaction. The proposed system for face
recognition is based on eigen analysis of edginess representation of face, which is
invariant to illumination to certain extent.

Existing System.

The available or currently using software is unable to find out the bogus
applications. All the information kept in a record or other document. In a passport office,
everyday comes a number of new applications and number of renewals. The applicant has
to fill the form correctly and has to submit to the office staff. The staff will check the
form and enter the information into the system. The number of applicants will be more
and need a database to carry these information.

ARM processors

ARM is a 32-bit reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by ARM Holdings. It was known as the Advanced RISC Machine, and before that as the Acorn RISC Machine. The ARM architecture is the most widely used 32-bit ISA in terms of numbers produced.Originally conceived by Acorn Computers for use in its personal computers, the first ARM-based products were the Acorn Archimedes range introduced in 1987.



The relative simplicity of ARM processors makes them suitable for low power applications. As a result, they have become dominant in the mobile and embedded electronics market, as relatively low-cost, small microprocessors and microcontrollers. In 2005, about 98% of the more than one billion mobile phones sold each year used at least one ARM processor. As of 2009^[update], ARM processors account for approximately 90% of all embedded 32-bit RISC processors and are used extensively in consumer electronics, including PDAs, mobile phones, digital media and music players, hand-held game consoles, calculators and computer peripherals such as hard drives and routers.

OPERATING MODES

The Programmers Model can be split into two elements - first of all, the processor modes and secondly, the processor registers. So let’s start by looking at the modes.

Now the typical application will run in an unprivileged mode know as “User” mode, whereas the various exception types will be dealt with in one of the privileged modes : Fast Interrupt, Supervisor, Abort, Normal Interrupt and Undefined (and we will look at what causes each of the exceptions later on).

NB - spell out the word FIQ, otherwise you are saying something rude in German!

One question here is what is the difference between the privileged and unprivileged modes? Well in reality very little really - the ARM core has an output signal (nTRANS on ARM7TDMI, InTRANS, DnTRANS on 9, or encoded as part of HPROT or BPROT in AMBA) which indicates whether the current mode is privileged or unprivileged, and this can be used, for instance, by a memory controller to only allow IO access in a privileged mode. In addition some operations are only permitted in a privileged mode, such as directly changing the mode and enabling of interrupts.

All current ARM cores implement system mode (added in architecture v4). This is simply a privileged version of user mode.  Important for re-entrant exceptions because no exceptions can cause system mode to be entered.

The ARM has seven basic operating modes:

•      USER : unprivileged mode under which most tasks run

•      FIQ : entered when a high priority (fast) interrupt is raised

•      IRQ : entered when a low priority (normal) interrupt is raised

•      SUPERVISOR :entered on reset and when a Software Interrupt instruction is executed

•      ABORT: used to handle memory access violations

•      UDEF: used to handle undefined instructions

•      SYSTEM :  privileged mode using the same registers as user mode

 3-STAGE PIPELINING